platinumgroup

Platinum group metals (PGMs) are six metallic elements: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. They share several physical and chemical properties, including high melting points, high densities, hardness and wear resistance, and strong resistance to corrosion. They are prized for their catalytic activity and are often found together in mineral deposits, typically in sulfide ores associated with nickel and copper mining or in layered mafic intrusions such as the Bushveld Complex in South Africa and Norilsk in Russia.

Most PGMs are produced as byproducts of nickel and copper mining, reflecting the geologic association with base metals rather than a primary ore of PGMs. As a result, their supply is closely linked to the fortunes of nickel and copper markets and to mining activity in a few countries. The major refining and production centers are concentrated in South Africa, Russia, Canada, and other parts of the world, with recycling of spent catalysts contributing a significant portion of supply.

Applications of PGMs are diverse. They are essential catalysts in automotive catalytic converters, petroleum refining, and many chemical processes. They also find use in electronics, glassmaking, jewelry, and specialized industrial components. The combination of scarcity, high demand, and byproduct production means PGMs are subject to price volatility and supply risk, prompting ongoing emphasis on recycling, substitute development, and exploration of new resources.