peafowl

Peafowl are large, colorful birds in the pheasant family. The term covers three species: the Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus), the green peafowl (Pavo muticus), and the Congo peafowl (Afropavo congensis). Males are called peacocks, females peahens, and juveniles peachicks. They are native to South Asia and parts of Southeast Asia, with introduced populations in other regions.

Males display an iridescent blue-green plumage and a long tail, or train, adorned with eye-like spots. The crest on the head is conspicuous. The train is used primarily in elaborate courtship displays and is not essential for flight. Females are overall duller brown, providing camouflage while nesting. Both sexes are capable fliers, though they typically move on the ground.

Peafowl inhabit forests, woodlands, and open scrub with nearby water, and they often exploit farmland margins. They are omnivorous, feeding on seeds, fruits, grains, insects, small reptiles, and occasionally small vertebrates.

Reproduction is often polygynous: a displaying male courts multiple females, and females select mates. Nests are placed on the ground and lined with leaves. Clutch size ranges around four to six eggs, with an incubation period of roughly 28 to 29 days. Chicks hatch precocial and can feed themselves soon after; they receive protection from the female.

Conservation status varies by species. The Indian peafowl is widely listed as Least Concern, while the green peafowl is more threatened; Congo peafowl is also of conservation concern in parts of its range. Habitat loss and hunting are major threats. Peafowl hold cultural significance across South and Southeast Asia, symbolizing beauty and nobility; the Indian peafowl is the national bird of India.