pacifiers

Pacifiers, also known as dummies or soothers, are nipple-shaped devices made of silicone or latex designed to soothe infants by satisfying the urge to suck. They come in various shapes and sizes, including standard nipples, orthodontic designs intended to reduce pressure on developing teeth, and vented or shielded models for added safety.

Pacifiers are commonly used to calm babies, aid sleep, and, in some studies, may be associated with a reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome when used during sleep. Guidelines from pediatric groups often recommend offering a pacifier at nap and bedtime after breastfeeding is well established.

Prolonged use can be associated with dental misalignment and bite problems if continued into the toddler years, and some studies link prolonged use with increased risk of middle ear infections. Early, frequent use can interfere with breastfeeding, though the evidence is mixed. Pacifiers should not replace feeding cues; care should be taken to wean when appropriate.

Care and safety: Regular cleaning is essential; wash with soap and water, sanitize as needed, and replace worn pacifiers promptly. Do not tie a pacifier around a child's neck or attach it with a string that could pose a strangulation risk; never coat with sugar or honey; inspect for cracks or loose parts. Replace after exposure to heat or sun; follow manufacturer age recommendations.

History and demographics: Pacifiers have been used in various forms for centuries; modern silicone and latex pacifiers became widely available in the 20th century and are produced in many shapes and materials to accommodate infants and caregivers across cultures.