ovens

An oven is a thermally insulated chamber used for cooking by applying heat. It can be powered by electricity or gas and heats food by convection, conduction, and radiant heat. Some models include a fan to circulate hot air for more even cooking. Ovens range from compact countertop units to large built-in systems.

Common residential types include conventional ovens (static heat), convection ovens (with a fan), microwave ovens (dielectric heating), toaster ovens (compact), and specialty brick or stone ovens used for bread and pizza. Some appliances combine an oven with a stovetop or other cooking functions.

Typical features include adjustable temperature controls, racks at multiple heights, timers, and preheat indicators. Thermostats may be analog or digital, and some units offer programmable programs. Safety features may include automatic shutoff, child locks, and cool-touch doors. Cleaning options range from manual cleaning to steam cleaning or high-temperature self-cleaning cycles.

Ovens have ancient origins as clay or stone hearths and evolved into metal and electric varieties in the 20th century. Today they are essential in homes and professional kitchens, with performance differences mainly in heat distribution, insulation, and energy efficiency.