outhouse

An outhouse is a small, usually weatherproof structure positioned outside a dwelling that houses a simple toilet over a pit or vault, serving as a basic sanitation facility where indoor plumbing is not available. Traditional designs consist of a seat above a dug pit, with a ventilation shaft to reduce odors, and sometimes a drop-hole in a platform. Some versions incorporate a layer of lime or ash to control odor and aid decomposition. Modern variants include above-ground vaulted toilets and composting outhouses, which help separate liquids and solids and reduce moisture.

Historically, outhouses were common in rural North America, Europe, and other regions before the spread of piped sewerage and septic systems. They were often shared among households and built from readily available materials such as wood and metal. Common maintenance concerns include odor control, structural safety, and the need to backfill the pit when full.

Health and environmental considerations revolve around proper siting to avoid contamination of groundwater and wells, and regular disposal or emptying of the pit. Pit latrines can pose contamination risks if located near water sources or flood zones.

Today, outhouses persist in rural areas, campgrounds, parks, and disaster-relief contexts where plumbing is not available. They are subject to local building codes and health regulations that govern siting, ventilation, and maintenance. Safety, accessibility, and pest control are ongoing concerns for operators and users.