osteopenii

Osteopenia is a medical condition characterized by bone mineral density (BMD) that is lower than normal but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis. It serves as an intermediate stage between normal bone density and osteoporosis, indicating a higher risk of developing the latter over time. The term "osteopenia" is derived from the Greek words *osteon* (bone) and *penia* (deficiency), reflecting the reduced bone mass present in affected individuals.

Bone density naturally decreases with age due to the gradual loss of bone tissue, a process known as bone resorption. Osteopenia often occurs in postmenopausal women and older adults, though it can affect individuals of any age, particularly those with certain risk factors. These may include hormonal imbalances (such as low estrogen levels), nutritional deficiencies (particularly in calcium or vitamin D), sedentary lifestyles, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, or prolonged use of certain medications like corticosteroids.

Diagnosis typically involves a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan, which measures bone density and compares it to established standards. Results are often expressed in terms of T-scores, where a T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia. While osteopenia itself may not cause noticeable symptoms, it increases the likelihood of fractures, particularly in the spine, hips, and wrists.

Management of osteopenia focuses on preventing further bone loss and reducing fracture risk. Lifestyle modifications such as weight-bearing exercise, a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol are recommended. In some cases, medical interventions like bisphosphonates or hormone therapy may be prescribed to slow bone resorption. Regular monitoring and early intervention can help mitigate progression to osteoporosis and improve long-term bone health.