ortografii

Orthography, or ortografii in some languages, is the conventional spelling system of a language. It defines which symbols are used to represent sounds, how words are spelled, and how punctuation, capitalization, and word boundaries are applied. An orthography may cover the alphabet, diacritics, ligatures, hyphenation rules, and numerals.

A standard orthography is usually codified in official guidelines, a spelling dictionary, or a grammar manual. It aims to ensure consistency and readability across texts, support literacy, and help distinguish otherwise similar forms. Orthography often reflects historical pronunciation and the structure of the writing system, but modern spellings may diverge from current speech, because reforms and standardization lag behind spoken change or preserve traditional forms.

Reforms to orthography occur for various reasons: to simplify spelling, to better align writing with contemporary pronunciation, to regularize irregularities, or to adapt to new technologies and scripts. They can be controversial because they touch culture, education, and national identity. Many languages maintain multiple regional or social varieties of writing that are nevertheless unified under a standard orthography for formal communication.

In the digital era, orthography interacts with technology through encoding standards like Unicode, input methods, and typesetting practices, which support accurate representation of accented letters, ligatures, and non-Latin scripts.