orthophosphoric

Orthophosphoric, commonly known as phosphoric acid, is a mineral acid with the chemical formula H₃PO₄. In its pure form, it is a colorless solid, but it is most often encountered as an aqueous solution. It is a moderately strong acid, capable of donating three protons. Its properties and acidity vary depending on its concentration.

Phosphoric acid is a ubiquitous chemical produced on a massive scale, with industrial production exceeding 30 million tons annually. The majority of this production is dedicated to the fertilizer industry, where it is used to produce phosphate fertilizers. It also finds significant use in food and beverage production, acting as an acidulant, flavor enhancer, and preservative. Its tart taste contributes to the characteristic flavor of many soft drinks.

Beyond industrial applications, phosphoric acid is utilized in various other sectors. It serves as a rust remover due to its ability to dissolve iron oxides. In dentistry and orthodontics, it is used as an etchant to prepare tooth surfaces for bonding. It also plays a role in pyrotechnics and the production of certain chemicals. While generally considered safe for consumption in diluted forms, concentrated phosphoric acid can be corrosive and requires careful handling. Its environmental impact is primarily related to its role in eutrophication when released into waterways.