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An orthosis (plural orthoses or ortheses; in some languages the term is ótesis/órtesis) is a medical device applied externally to the body to support, align, immobilize, or correct a deformity and to improve function. Orthoses are designed to modify the structural or functional characteristics of the neuromuscular-skeletal system and are distinct from prostheses, which replace missing limbs.

Orthoses can be classified as passive or functional (dynamic). Passive devices, such as braces and splints, restrict movement or provide joint alignment. Functional orthoses may incorporate hinges or joints to enable controlled motion, distribute loads, or stabilize a limb during activity.

Common regional categories include upper-limb orthoses (for the hand, wrist, elbow, or shoulder), lower-limb orthoses (for the foot, ankle, knee, or leg), and spinal orthoses (including cervical and thoracolumbar supports). Specific designs include ankle-foot orthoses, knee-ankle-foot orthoses, cervical collars, and TLSOs.

Manufacture and fitting typically involve assessment by a clinician such as an orthotist, physician, or physical therapist. Custom orthoses are shaped from measurements or digital scans and may use casts or 3D-printed models. Materials range from thermoplastics and composites to metals and textiles; off-the-shelf options are available for common needs.

Indications include post-injury immobilization, fracture stabilization, posture improvement, pain relief, prevention of contractures, and gait assistance in neurological or metabolic conditions. The evidence for effectiveness depends on the condition, design, and adherence to wearing schedules.

Safety and follow-up are important. Potential risks include skin irritation, pressure sores, and fit changes with growth or swelling. Regular inspection, proper hygiene, and periodic reassessment are recommended to maintain effectiveness.