Orthoses

Orthoses are externally worn devices designed to support, align, prevent deformities, or correct alignment and to improve function of the musculoskeletal system. They are prescribed by clinicians such as orthotists, physicians, and physical therapists and fitted to the individual patient. Orthoses can be custom-made from measurements, casts, or 3D scans, or they can be prefabricated and adjusted as needed. They are made from materials including thermoplastics, carbon fiber, metals, leather, and textiles, and may be static (immobilizing joints), dynamic (allowing controlled movement), or semi-rigid.

Common categories include spinal orthoses, such as thoracolumbar or lumbar supports; upper-limb orthoses, including wrist-hand and elbow braces; and lower-limb orthoses, such as ankle-foot, knee-ankle-foot, or hip-knee-ankle devices. Foot orthoses, or insoles, modify foot mechanics. Indications for use range from traumatic injuries and post-surgical stabilization to congenital deformities, degenerative joint diseases, and neurologic conditions that affect movement and balance.

Manufacture and fitting involve a clinical assessment of biomechanics, alignment, and function. Impressions, plaster casts, or digital scanners may be used to create a proper fit. Devices are adjusted during follow-up visits to optimize comfort, fit, and effectiveness, and may require progressive dosing or activity modification.

Care and safety considerations include skin inspection for pressure or irritation, regular cleaning, and avoiding excess heat that could deform materials. Patients are advised to wear orthoses as prescribed and to report discomfort, numbness, or new symptoms promptly. Orthoses are typically part of multidisciplinary care and aim to reduce pain, improve function, and support rehabilitation.