organotins

Organotins are a class of organometallic compounds that contain tin covalently bonded to carbon. They encompass a range of substituents, from alkyl and aryl groups to multiple tin–carbon bonds. Common examples include monobutyltin, dibutyltin, tributyltin, and triphenyltin compounds. The properties and uses of organotins vary with the nature of the tin–carbon linkage and the surrounding ligands.

Historically, organotins have found widespread industrial use. Tributyltin compounds were widely employed as biocides in antifouling paints to prevent the growth of barnacles and other organisms on ships. Organotin catalysts, such as dibutyltin derivatives, are used in polymer chemistry for polyurethane production and other polymerizations. Other organotins serve as stabilizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC), as pesticides, and as wood preservatives.

Environmental and health considerations have limited many organotin applications. Organotins can be persistent and bioaccumulative, and their toxicity is often high in aquatic life. Tributyltin, in particular, is a potent endocrine disruptor in mollusks, causing imposex (reproductive abnormalities) and population impacts. This has led to international regulatory actions, including bans or restrictions on TBT-containing antifouling paints and controls on organotin use under environmental treaties and maritime regulations.

In modern practice, organotin use has declined for many applications due to these environmental concerns, with industry and regulators favoring alternative compounds and technologies.