organismer

Organismer, or organisms, are individual living entities that carry out the processes of life. They display organization, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and the ability to respond to their environment. Organisms range from single-celled bacteria to multicellular plants, animals, and fungi. They are typically composed of one or more cells that contain genetic material, usually DNA, organized into genomes. Through metabolic activities they obtain energy and matter from their surroundings and use these resources to sustain life and maintain internal stability.

Cells are the basic units of life, carrying information in their genetic material and regulating internal processes. In cellular organisms, membranes enclose cytoplasm and organelles, enabling specialized functions. Organisms reproduce to pass on genetic material to the next generation, either through asexual division or sexual reproduction, and many display development that leads to mature form and function. They sense and respond to stimuli via signaling pathways and behavioral or physiological changes.

Organisms are classified into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Within these domains exist a vast diversity of life, from unicellular protists to multicellular plants, fungi, and animals. The species concept varies and is based on genetic similarity, reproductive compatibility, and morphology. Taxonomy supports the study of evolution, ecology, and the relationships among living beings.

In ecosystems, organisms play roles as producers, consumers, or decomposers and participate in energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Interactions with other organisms and environmental factors shape distributions, adaptations, and biodiversity. Studying organismer informs fields from medicine and agriculture to conservation and biotechnology.