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Opioid addiction, also known as opioid use disorder, is a chronic condition characterized by an uncontrollable need to use opioids, despite harmful consequences. Opioids are a class of drugs that include natural and synthetic substances, such as morphine, codeine, and synthetic opioids like oxycodone and fentanyl. These drugs are often prescribed for pain management but can be highly addictive.

The onset of opioid addiction typically begins with the misuse of prescription opioids, often due to factors such as pain, stress, or peer pressure. Over time, individuals may develop a tolerance to the drug, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effects. This tolerance can lead to increased risk of overdose, as the body becomes less responsive to the drug's effects.

Physical dependence on opioids can also occur, where the body experiences withdrawal symptoms when the drug is stopped or reduced. These symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, and insomnia. Psychological dependence, characterized by cravings and a strong desire to use the drug, is also common.

Treatment for opioid addiction often involves a combination of medical and behavioral therapies. Medications such as methadone or buprenorphine can help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings. Behavioral therapies, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and contingency management, can address the psychological aspects of addiction. Support groups and peer support can also provide valuable resources for individuals seeking recovery.

Prevention strategies focus on reducing the availability of opioids, particularly prescription opioids, and educating the public about the risks of opioid use. Public health initiatives aim to promote safer prescribing practices and increase access to treatment for those struggling with addiction.