nátriumhiány

nátriumhiány, or sodium deficiency, is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of sodium in the bloodstream (hyponatremia). Sodium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance, nerve transmission, and muscle function. When sodium levels fall below 135 milliequivalents per liter, a range of physical and neurological symptoms can occur.

Common causes include excessive fluid intake without adequate sodium replacement, certain endocrine disorders such as adrenal insufficiency or hypothyroidism, and chronic illnesses that alter water and sodium handling. Medications that increase sodium excretion, particularly some diuretics, and certain psychiatric treatments can also contribute. Severe cases may arise during prolonged exercise or in athletes who drink too much water, leading to exercise‑associated hyponatremia.

Symptoms range from mild to life‑threatening. Early signs include nausea, headache, fatigue, and muscle cramps. More severe hyponatremia can cause confusion, seizures, respiratory arrest, and coma. Diagnosis is confirmed through blood tests showing low sodium, often accompanied by low or normal serum osmolality.

Treatment depends on severity and underlying cause. Mild cases may be managed with fluid restriction and careful dietary sodium monitoring. In moderate to severe scenarios, intravenous saline administration is typically required to raise sodium levels safely. Long‑term management focuses on correcting root causes, adjusting medication regimens, and patient education about balanced fluid intake.

Prevention strategies rely on awareness of risk factors, especially in patients on diuretics or with endocrine disorders. Regular monitoring in high‑risk groups and patient counseling about appropriate hydration and sodium intake can reduce the incidence of nātriumhiány.