nmolL

nmol/L stands for nanomoles per liter, a unit of molar concentration. It expresses the amount of a substance, in nanomoles, contained in one liter of solution. In chemistry and biology, this unit is often written as nmol/L or, more commonly in literature, as nanomolar (nM), with both referring to the same concentration value: 1 nmol/L = 1 nM = 1 × 10^-9 mol/L.

The nmol/L scale is used for measurements of small molecules, signaling molecules, drugs, and biomolecules where concentrations are typically very low. It is especially common in biochemistry, pharmacology, and environmental chemistry. Reporting often spans from the low nanomolar range (few nmol/L) to higher micromolar levels (thousands of nmol/L), depending on the substance and context.

Relationship to other units: 1 µmol/L equals 1000 nmol/L, since 1 µmol/L = 1 × 10^-6 mol/L and 1 nmol/L = 1 × 10^-9 mol/L. To convert to mass concentration, multiply the nmol/L value by the molar mass of the substance (in g/mol) and multiply by 1e-6 to obtain mg/L. For example, a 1000 nmol/L solution of a compound with molar mass M g/mol corresponds to M × 1e-6 mg/L.

Measurement and practice: nmol/L is widely used in analytical methods such as LC-MS, immunoassays, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Reported values are typically accompanied by the appropriate assay units and, when necessary, converted to other units for comparison or regulatory guidelines.