nanomoles

Nanomole (nmol) is the SI unit of amount of substance equal to 10^-9 moles. Since one mole contains approximately 6.022×10^23 entities, one nanomole corresponds to about 6.022×10^14 molecules or formula units.

The term also appears in mass calculations. Mass m equals the amount n in moles times the molar mass M (in g/mol), so 1 nmol of a substance with molar mass M weighs M×10^-9 grams. For example, 1 nmol of water (M ≈ 18.015 g/mol) has a mass of about 1.8015×10^-8 g, i.e., 18 nanograms; 1 nmol of glucose (M ≈ 180.16 g/mol) weighs about 0.180 micrograms.

Nanomolar concentration is a related but distinct concept. A concentration of 1 nM equals 1 nanomole per liter (1 nmol/L). Nanomolar is commonly used in biology and chemistry to describe the amounts of reagents, enzymes, inhibitors, or binding interactions in solution.

Context and usage: Nanomoles and nanomolar concentrations are widely used in biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and related fields. They describe very small quantities and require precise measurement and careful calibration of equipment. Common measurement approaches involve sensitive analytical methods and accurate pipetting to maintain correct stoichiometry and reproducibility in experiments.