nitröimiselle

Nitröimiselle, also known as nitration, is a chemical reaction in which a nitro group (−NO₂) is introduced into an organic molecule. This is typically achieved by reacting the organic compound with a nitrating agent, most commonly a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst, protonating nitric acid to form the nitronium ion ($NO_2^+$), which is the active electrophile.

The nitration of aromatic compounds is a classic example of electrophilic aromatic substitution. The nitronium ion attacks the electron-rich aromatic ring, replacing a hydrogen atom. The position of substitution depends on the directing effects of existing substituents on the aromatic ring. For example, activating groups direct substitution to ortho and para positions, while deactivating groups direct to the meta position.

Nitration is a crucial process in the synthesis of a wide range of important compounds. It is used in the production of explosives, such as nitroglycerin and TNT (trinitrotoluene). It is also employed in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, and polymers. For instance, nitrobenzene, the product of nitrating benzene, is an intermediate in the production of aniline, which is a precursor to many dyes and medicines. However, nitration reactions can be highly exothermic and require careful control to prevent runaway reactions and potential hazards.