nitrierte

Nitrierte, in chemistry often used as the past participle of nitrieren, refers to compounds that have undergone nitration, the chemical addition of one or more nitro groups (-NO2) to a molecule. Nitrated compounds are common in organic chemistry and span a wide range of structures, including aromatic rings and aliphatic chains. The term is frequently used in German-language texts to describe substances bearing nitro substituents.

Chemistry and properties. Nitration is a form of electrophilic substitution or addition that introduces nitro groups onto a substrate. In aromatic systems, the nitro group is a strong electron-withdrawing substituent and generally deactivates the ring toward further substitution, while it often directs electrophilic attack to specific positions depending on the substituents present. Nitro groups increase polarity and can raise the chemical reactivity of a molecule in specific contexts, but they also tend to reduce basicity and alter solubility. Many nitro compounds are energetic or explosive derivatives, such as nitrobenzene or trinitrotoluene, but nitro groups also appear in dyes, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymers. Reducing nitrated compounds commonly yields amines, which serve as versatile intermediates in chemical synthesis.

Applications and safety. Nitro compounds have a broad range of applications, including as precursors for dyes, pigments, and pharmaceuticals, as well as components in energetic materials and propellants. Due to their energetic nature and potential hazards, many nitro compounds are subject to strict handling, storage, and disposal regulations. Environmental and occupational safety concerns focus on toxicity, sensitivity to heat or shock, and the risk of accidental detonation for certain nitro-substituted materials.

Overview. Nitrierte substances thus denote a class of chemical compounds characterized by nitro substituents, with diverse practical uses and notable safety considerations.