neurotoksik
Neurotoxic substances are chemicals or biological agents that damage the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions. Effects can be acute or chronic and may be reversible or permanent. Susceptibility varies with age, genetics, nutritional status, and exposure pattern. Neurotoxicity can result from direct neuronal injury, interference with neurotransmission, demyelination, or neuroinflammation.
Common mechanisms include disruption of neurotransmitter synthesis, release or reuptake; blockade or modulation of ion channels;
Sources include heavy metals (lead, mercury), organic solvents (toluene), pesticides (organophosphates), industrial chemicals (PCBs, n-hexane), cyanotoxins,
Symptoms range from headaches, mood changes, and cognitive deficits to motor weakness, sensory loss, seizures, or
Prevention emphasizes reducing exposure through safety standards, environmental controls, and regulatory limits set by health authorities.