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Nervemonitoring, also known as intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM), is a technique used during surgical procedures to detect and prevent nerve damage. It involves the continuous or periodic assessment of nerve function before, during, and after surgery. This allows surgeons and neuromonitoring technicians to identify potential issues in real-time and take corrective actions to minimize the risk of permanent neurological deficits.

IONM utilizes various electrophysiological techniques. Electromyography (EMG) measures the electrical activity of muscles, indicating the integrity of the motor nerves that supply them. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) record the electrical signals generated in the brain in response to stimulation of sensory nerves. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) assess the auditory pathways. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) evaluate the integrity of the corticospinal tract, which controls voluntary movement.

The primary goal of nervemonitoring is to provide an early warning system for potential nerve injury. Changes in the monitored signals can alert the surgical team to factors such as nerve compression, stretching, or inadequate blood supply. This allows for prompt adjustments to surgical technique, positioning, or anesthetic management. IONM is commonly employed in surgeries involving the spine, brain, and peripheral nerves, as well as in procedures where nerves are at high risk of injury, such as carotid endarterectomy or thyroid surgery. Its application aims to improve patient outcomes by reducing the incidence of new or worsened neurological impairments.