neeruhaigusi

Neeruhaigused is a broad term used to describe diseases that affect the kidneys, their function, or their structure. The kidneys filter waste from the blood, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, produce hormones, and help control blood pressure. When kidney function declines, a range of health problems can follow, from mild imbalances to life‑threatening conditions. In Estonian usage, neeruhaigusi is the inflected form of the same concept.

Common types include chronic kidney disease (CKD), where kidney function gradually worsens over months or years; acute kidney injury (AKI), a sudden drop in function over hours to days; glomerular diseases such as glomerulonephritis; nephrotic and nephritic syndromes; polycystic kidney disease, a genetic condition characterized by cysts; and urinary tract disorders like kidney stones or infections such as pyelonephritis. Not all kidney problems are due to primary kidney disease; diabetes and hypertension are major risk factors and can lead to secondary kidney damage.

Causes and risk factors include long‑standing diabetes, high blood pressure, autoimmune diseases, infections, inherited kidney disorders, dehydration, and exposure to nephrotoxic substances (certain medications and toxins). Symptoms vary but may include swelling (edema), fatigue, changes in urination, foamy urine, high blood pressure, nausea, or shortness of breath.

Diagnosis relies on blood tests (creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate), urine tests (protein, blood, minerals), imaging (ultrasound or CT), and sometimes kidney biopsy to determine specific pathology.

Treatment is disease‑specific and aims to preserve kidney function, treat symptoms, and prevent complications. Approaches include blood pressure and glucose control, dietary adjustments, anemia management, medications to protect kidney function,副 and in advanced cases dialysis or kidney transplant. Prevention emphasizes risk factor control, hydration, and avoiding nephrotoxins.