nasopharyngitis

Nasopharyngitis, commonly known as the common cold, is an acute viral infection of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages and the pharynx. It is usually self-limited and mild in otherwise healthy people.

Symptoms typically include nasal congestion and discharge, sneezing, sore throat, coughing, headache, and mild fatigue. Fever is more common in children. Physical examination often shows nasal mucosal erythema and throat irritation. The illness generally lasts 7–10 days, though cough can persist longer.

Most cases are caused by rhinoviruses, but a range of other viruses—such as coronaviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza, adenoviruses, and respiratory syncytial virus—can be responsible. Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets, direct contact, and fomites; the incubation period is usually 1–3 days.

Diagnosis is clinical; routine laboratory tests or imaging are not needed. Testing for influenza or SARS-CoV-2 may be considered in the appropriate clinical setting or when it would affect management.

Treatment is supportive. Measures include adequate fluids, rest, saline nasal irrigation, humidified air, throat lozenges, and analgesics or antipyretics such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Antibiotics are not routinely indicated and should be avoided unless a bacterial complication is suspected.

Prevention focuses on hand hygiene, avoiding touching the face, and minimizing contact with ill individuals. Annual influenza vaccination can reduce risk of influenza-related illness. In high-risk groups, prompt medical attention for warning signs is advised.

Prognosis is favorable for most; complications are uncommon but can include sinusitis, otitis media, or lower respiratory tract infection in vulnerable populations.