narcotics

Narcotics refers to a class of controlled substances with psychoactive effects that dull the senses and relieve pain. Medically, it most often designates opioids—natural opiates like morphine and codeine; semi-synthetic opioids such as hydrocodone and oxycodone; and synthetic opioids like fentanyl and methadone. Colloquially, the term is sometimes used for illegal drugs with sedative or analgesic effects, but this usage varies by jurisdiction.

Opioids act on specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, producing analgesia, sedation, and euphoria. They have legitimate medical roles in pain management, anesthesia, and palliative care, but can cause respiratory depression, constipation, nausea, dizziness, and dependence. Tolerance can develop with continued use, and abrupt withdrawal after prolonged use can be difficult.

Risks and public health: Misuse or diversion of narcotics can lead to overdoses, infections from injection, and other harms. Naloxone can reverse many overdoses if administered promptly. Treatment for opioid use disorder often includes medications such as methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone, typically combined with behavioral therapies and social support.

Regulation: Narcotics are tightly regulated in many countries as controlled substances, with prescription controls, licensing, and monitoring systems. International treaties regulate production, distribution, and use. Policies generally seek to balance legitimate medical access with efforts to prevent misuse and illicit trafficking.

History: Narcotics have a long medical history, with regulation expanding in the 20th century in response to addiction and trafficking. Contemporary approaches emphasize combining access to treatment with harm reduction, prevention, and public health strategies.