naphthas

Naphtha is a general term for a group of volatile, flammable hydrocarbon liquids derived from the distillation of crude oil, coal tar, or other fossil fuels. It is broadly used as a solvent and as a feedstock in the petrochemical industry, and its exact composition depends on the source and refining process. Naphthas typically consist of low-boiling hydrocarbons in the C5 to C12 range, including paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics. They are categorized in practice into light and heavy naphtha, with light naphtha covering roughly the lighter end of the spectrum (about C5 to C7, sometimes up to C8) and heavy naphtha covering higher-boiling fractions (roughly C7 to C12).

Two primary sources are recognized: petroleum naphtha, produced during the refining of crude oil; and coal tar naphtha, a historical product from coal processing. Petroleum naphtha is widely used as a solvent in paints, coatings, cleaning products, and degreasers, and also serves as a feedstock for steam cracking to produce ethylene, propylene, and other petrochemicals. Heavy naphtha can function as a blending component for gasoline or as a chemical feed, while light naphtha is often favored for solvent applications due to its lower boiling range.

Safety and regulatory considerations are important when handling naphthas. They are flammable and emit vapors that can be hazardous if inhaled or ingested. Some naphthas contain benzene or other aromatic compounds, which pose additional health risks and are subject to occupational exposure limits and safety guidelines. Proper ventilation, containment, and adherence to relevant regulations are standard practices in their storage and use.