petrochemicals

Petrochemicals are chemical substances derived from petroleum or natural gas that are used as the building blocks for a wide range of materials and consumer products. The term encompasses basic chemicals such as ethylene, propylene, butenes, benzene, toluene, and xylene, as well as intermediates and polymers produced from these feedstocks. They are distinct from fuels and lubricants in that their primary value lies in chemical transformation into plastics, fibers, solvents, and coatings.

Most petrochemicals are produced by processing hydrocarbon feedstocks in refineries and dedicated petrochemical plants. Steam cracking of light hydrocarbons yields olefins, notably ethylene and propylene. Other routes include catalytic reforming, hydrocracking, gasification, and condensation for aromatics. Feedstock choice—ethane or propane versus naphtha or gas oil—depends on regional resources and economics. The efficiency and product slate of a plant are influenced by catalysts, operating conditions, and integration with refining streams.

Common products and applications include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyester fibers, solvents, adhesives, paints, and fertilizers. Derived polymers and monomers underpin many plastics and synthetic materials used in packaging, construction, automotive, electronics, and textiles, as well as various specialty chemicals.

Market and environmental aspects: the petrochemical industry is capital-intensive and closely linked to oil and gas markets, with regional variations in feedstock shaping product mixes and prices. Environmental considerations focus on emissions, energy use, and end-of-life plastic waste, prompting efforts toward process efficiency, recycling, and the development of more sustainable feedstocks and products.