myéloprolifératifs

Myeloproliferative neoplasms, often abbreviated as MPNs, are a group of rare blood cancers that affect the bone marrow. In these conditions, the bone marrow produces too many of one or more types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This overproduction can lead to an abnormal increase in the number of these cells circulating in the blood.

MPNs are characterized by mutations in specific genes that control blood cell growth and development. These mutations cause the bone marrow stem cells to become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably. While the exact cause of these mutations is often unknown, they are not typically inherited.

Common types of myeloproliferative neoplasms include polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, primary myelofibrosis, and chronic myeloid leukemia. Each type is defined by which blood cell type is primarily overproduced and the presence or absence of certain genetic markers.

The symptoms of MPNs can vary widely and may include fatigue, shortness of breath, itching, weight loss, and an enlarged spleen or liver. In some cases, MPNs can be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during routine blood tests.

Diagnosis involves a physical examination, blood tests to count blood cell levels and look for specific mutations, and often a bone marrow biopsy to examine the cells directly. Treatment strategies depend on the specific type of MPN, its stage, and the patient's overall health. Options can range from watchful waiting to medications, phlebotomy, or even stem cell transplantation in select cases. While MPNs are chronic conditions, many individuals can live long and fulfilling lives with appropriate management.