myeliniskada

Myeliniskada (literally "myelin damage" in Swedish) denotes injury to the myelin sheath that insulates axons in the central or peripheral nervous system. Myelin, produced by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, is essential for rapid and coordinated nerve conduction. Damage to myelin disrupts electrical signaling, which can produce sensory, motor, autonomic and cognitive symptoms depending on the location and extent of lesions.

Causes of myeliniskada include autoimmune demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Guillain–Barré syndrome, infectious or post-infectious processes (for example progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy), genetic leukodystrophies, metabolic disorders, toxins and ischemic injury. Pathophysiologically, demyelination can be focal or diffuse and may be accompanied by axonal injury; some conditions primarily impair myelin formation (dysmyelination).

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment supported by imaging and electrophysiology: magnetic resonance imaging commonly shows characteristic white matter lesions in central demyelination, nerve conduction studies detect slowed conduction in peripheral demyelination, and cerebrospinal fluid or serologic tests can indicate inflammatory or infectious causes. Treatment and management vary by cause and may include acute immunomodulation (corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis), long-term disease-modifying therapies, symptomatic care and rehabilitation. Prognosis depends on etiology, lesion burden and response to therapy. Research into remyelination, neuroprotection and cell-based therapies aims to improve recovery and functional outcomes.