multiplewarhead

Multiple warheads, commonly called MIRVs (Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicles), are ballistic missiles that carry several warheads, each able to be aimed at a different target after reentry. In a MIRV system, a single missile can strike multiple targets, unlike earlier configurations where multiple warheads followed the same flight path or were not individually directed.

Development began in the 1960s to boost deterrence and overwhelm defenses. The United States deployed MIRV-capable missiles on the LGM-30 Minuteman III in the 1970s and later on the Peacekeeper (MX) in the 1980s. The Soviet Union fielded MIRVed missiles such as the SS-18 (Satan) and SS-19 during the 1970s and 1980s. In subsequent decades, Russia and other states continued to develop and modernize MIRV-capable systems for strategic forces.

Design concepts central to MIRVs involve a single launch vehicle carrying multiple reentry vehicles. After boost, the RVs separate, and each warhead is guided independently toward its target. Modern systems may incorporate countermeasures such as decoys to complicate missile defenses. The result is an increased salvo capacity from a single missile, enhancing target coverage and complicating defense planning.

Strategic implications include an increased potential damage from a single launch and greater pressure on ballistic-missile defenses, influencing arms-control thinking and treaty structures. MIRVs were a major factor in discussions around the ABM Treaty of 1972 and subsequent START agreements. Changes in treaty circulation and modernization programs have shaped how MIRV-capable forces are deployed and maintained today.

Current status: MIRV-equipped missiles remain in service with major arsenals, notably the United States and Russia, and continue to be part of modernization efforts aimed at preserving deterrence and survivability in a contested strategic environment.