monógamas

Monógamas, in biology, refers to organisms that form a long-term pair bond with a single partner for breeding. The term is commonly used to describe the mating system of monogamy, though in practice the social and genetic aspects may diverge. A monogamous pair often shares a territory and may provide biparental care for offspring.

There are different concepts of monogamy. Social monogamy describes two individuals living and cooperating in a bonded pair, sometimes mating with others; genetic or strict monogamy implies exclusive mating and high paternity certainty. Serial monogamy occurs when individuals form successive pair bonds across breeding seasons.

In birds, social monogamy is widespread; many species form enduring pairs and share incubation and chick-rearing. Genetic monogamy varies, with some species exhibiting extra-pair mating. In mammals, true monogamy is rarer, but certain species such as beavers, gibbons, and some voles show lasting pair bonds and biparental care.

Evolutionary explanations include the advantages of biparental care when offspring survival depends on both parents, ecological conditions that favor territory defense, and mate guarding to reduce cuckoldry. Costs include reduced mating opportunities and potential conflicts within the pair.

Researchers distinguish social monogamy from genetic monogamy, often using behavioral observations and genetic testing to assess paternity. Monogamy can also be episodic or serial, with bonds lasting through a season but not for life. The concept also applies to plant and insect species in different contexts.