mindsets

Mindsets are the implicit beliefs people hold about the nature of their abilities and intelligence. These beliefs influence how individuals interpret challenges, respond to feedback, and persist when faced with difficulty. They can be domain-specific or broad across contexts.

A central distinction is between fixed mindsets, which treat ability as static, and growth mindsets, which view ability as improvable through effort, strategy, and instruction. People's mindsets shape their goals, persistence, and choices about effort and learning strategies.

The concept was popularized by psychologist Carol S. Dweck and colleagues, based on research in motivation and achievement. Fixed and growth theories map onto entity versus incremental beliefs about talent and potential, and they can be cultivated or changed through experience and feedback.

Mindsets can vary by domain and over time. They are measured through self-report scales and observational indicators such as response to failure, strategy use, and willingness to seek help. Interventions often emphasize process praise, mastery goals, and constructive feedback.

Applications span education, business, and athletics. Growth-minded approaches encourage effort, learning from mistakes, and deliberate practice. Critics note that effects are modest and context-dependent, with replication challenges and concerns about overgeneralization or misapplication.

Overall, the mindset framework remains influential but debated, emphasizing that beliefs about ability can influence motivation and learning when paired with evidence-based practices and supportive environments.