mikrovoltitason

Mikrovoltitason (Finnish for "microvolt level") is a term used in electronics to describe electrical signals whose amplitudes lie in the microvolt range, typically between 1 microvolt and a few hundred microvolts. Signals at this level are small compared to typical sensor and audio signals and are commonly encountered in precision instrumentation, biomedical measurements, and laboratory experiments.

Measuring such signals poses challenges due to noise and interference. Thermal noise, shot noise, and flicker noise in electronic components can be comparable to or exceed the signal. External interference from electromagnetic fields, power supplies, and improper grounding can overwhelm the measurement. The high source impedance of microvolt-level signals can also lead to significant susceptibility to leakage currents and input bias.

To accurately acquire mikrovoltitason signals, engineers employ techniques and equipment with very low noise figures. Instrumentation amplifiers with high gain and low input-referred noise, differential or ratiometric measurement, and careful impedance matching are common. Methods such as chopper stabilization or auto-zero switching reduce low-frequency noise. Shielded enclosures, proper grounding schemes, twisted-pair or coaxial cabling, and signal averaging or digital filtering further improve measurement fidelity. Analog-to-digital converters used for these signals often emphasize low input noise and high resolution (for example, 16–24 bit with appropriate input conditioning).

Applications include biomedical sensing (electrocardiography, electroencephalography), geophysical measurements, probe and sensor development, and laboratory experiments requiring precision voltage measurements.