microtheory

Microtheory is a term used across disciplines to denote theoretical approaches that examine phenomena at the smallest units of analysis, such as individuals, firms, or localized interactions, rather than at the level of broad structural patterns. It emphasizes the mechanisms, motivations, and decision processes that generate observable outcomes and seeks to explain how complex systems emerge from the behavior of their parts. Microtheories are often contrasted with macrotheories and are sometimes described as the microfoundations of macro-level patterns.

In economics, microtheory covers models of consumer choice, firm optimization, and strategic interaction, including game theory and decision under uncertainty. In sociology and criminology, microtheories include explanations of individual behavior, social learning, routine activities, and daily interactions within social contexts. In psychology, microtheory focuses on cognitive processes, motivation, perception, and behavior at the level of individuals. The common aim across fields is to connect everyday actions and small-scale processes to larger outcomes, often via microfoundations that can support macro-level explanations.

Methodologically, microtheories rely on formal models, controlled experiments, field studies, and detailed longitudinal data to trace sequences of decisions and interactions. They are frequently used to test assumptions about rationality, learning, norms, and social influence.

Critiques of microtheory warn that an exclusive focus on micro-level mechanisms can overlook structural constraints, institutions, culture, and emergent properties. Many researchers therefore integrate micro and macro perspectives, developing meso-level theories or bridging approaches to capture interactions across scales.