microkorrels

Microkorrels are submicroscopic particles, typically ranging in size from 10 to 200 nanometers, that exhibit unique optical and mechanical properties due to their quantum confinement effects. They are distinguished from other nanoscale materials by their core–shell architecture, where a semiconductor or metallic core is followed by a ligand or polymer shell that provides stability, biocompatibility, and functionalization capability. The core material is commonly cadmium selenide or zinc sulfide, while surface ligands may include thiolates, phosphates, or polyethylene glycol.

The synthesis of microkorrels generally involves colloidal chemistry techniques such as hot‑injection or solvothermal methods. Reaction parameters—including temperature, precursor concentration, and ligand ratios—precisely control particle size, shape, and crystallinity. Post‑synthesis purification via size‑exclusion chromatography or centrifugation removes excess precursors and aggregates, yielding monodisperse microkorrels suitable for downstream applications.

In biomedical research, microkorrels act as fluorescent probes, drug carriers, and imaging agents. Their narrow emission spectra allow multiplexed labeling in live‑cell microscopy, while surface modifications enable targeted delivery to specific tissues. Moreover, due to their small size, microkorrels can penetrate biological barriers and reach intracellular compartments, making them attractive for therapeutic payloads such as siRNA or chemotherapeutic drugs. In materials science, microkorrels contribute to the development of quantum dots, perovskite solar cells, and sensors, where their tunable electronic characteristics enhance device performance.

Safety considerations are critical; cadmium‑based microkorrels pose toxicity risks, prompting research into lead‑free alternatives. Regulatory frameworks require thorough assessment of pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and long‑term effects before clinical deployment. Ongoing studies focus on improving biocompatibility while preserving optical efficiencies, thereby expanding the practical use of microkorrels across diagnostics, therapeutics, and advanced electronics.