microcephala

Microcephaly is a medical condition in which a person's head is significantly smaller than the average for their age and sex. The circumference of the head is measured and compared to standard growth charts. A diagnosis of microcephaly is made when the head circumference falls below a certain percentile, typically the third percentile.

This condition can be present at birth (congenital microcephaly) or develop in the first few years of life (secondary microcephaly). Congenital microcephaly can be caused by genetic factors, such as chromosomal abnormalities, or by environmental influences during pregnancy. These environmental factors can include infections like Zika virus, rubella, or cytomegalovirus, as well as exposure to toxins like alcohol or certain drugs. Maternal malnutrition and severe stress during pregnancy have also been implicated.

Secondary microcephaly can result from conditions that affect brain growth after birth, such as severe malnutrition, certain metabolic disorders, or brain injuries like infections or trauma.

The severity of microcephaly varies widely. While some individuals with mild microcephaly may have normal or near-normal intelligence and development, others can experience significant developmental delays, intellectual disability, seizures, and problems with motor skills and speech. The underlying cause of microcephaly often dictates the prognosis and the range of associated symptoms. Diagnosis is typically made through prenatal ultrasound or shortly after birth by measuring the infant's head circumference. Management focuses on addressing any associated health issues and providing supportive therapies to help the individual reach their full potential.