metastasizes

Metastasizes is the verb describing the process by which cancer cells spread from a primary tumor to distant sites. Metastasis is a multistep process; metastasizes occurs when cells complete these steps in a particular context. Cancer cells may disseminate via the bloodstream or lymphatic system, or by seeding body cavities. The sequence typically begins with local invasion, followed by intravasation into blood vessels or lymphatics. Circulating tumor cells may survive immune surveillance, arrest at distant sites, extravasate into tissue, and begin to grow. Successful colonization depends on both cancer cell traits and the microenvironment of the target organ. Many disseminated cells fail to establish metastases.

Common metastatic sites include the liver, lungs, bones, and brain, though patterns vary by cancer type. The seed-and-soil theory describes how certain cancer cells prefer specific tissues. Metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related mortality and influences prognosis and treatment decisions. Diagnosis relies on imaging, biopsy, and, increasingly, molecular testing. Treatments aim to control spread, treat established metastases, and alleviate symptoms, often combining systemic options (such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, hormonal therapy, or immunotherapy) with local measures or surgery when feasible.