metanolu

Metanol, or methanol, is the simplest alcohol with the chemical formula CH3OH. It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid with a characteristic odor. It is miscible with water and most organic solvents.

Industrial production is mainly by catalytic conversion of synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) derived from natural gas, coal, or biomass. Historically it was produced by destructive distillation of wood. Methanol is used as a solvent in paints, coatings, inks, and plastics; as a feedstock for formaldehyde; as an antifreeze and windshield de-icer; and as a fuel or fuel additive in some contexts. It is also a chemical intermediate for value-added products and an alternative fuel in some fuel cell and combustion applications.

Methanol is highly toxic to humans. In the body it is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to formaldehyde and formic acid, which can cause metabolic acidosis, optic nerve damage, and, in severe cases, blindness and death. Symptoms of poisoning include headaches, dizziness, nausea, and vision disturbances. There is no reliable safe level of exposure; poisoning requires medical attention. Treatment may include fomepizole or ethanol to inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase, along with supportive care; in severe cases, hemodialysis may be used to remove methanol and its metabolites.

Safety and regulation: methanol is subject to strict handling and labeling requirements due to its toxicity and flammability. It should be stored in properly vented containers away from heat and oxidizers; use in well-ventilated areas with appropriate personal protective equipment. Environmental releases should be contained, as methanol is toxic to aquatic life.