Methanol

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, is the simplest primary alcohol with the chemical formula CH3OH. It is a colorless, highly volatile and flammable liquid that is miscible with water and many organic solvents. Methanol has a boiling point of about 64.7°C and is toxic to humans, being metabolized to formic acid and formaldehyde, which can cause metabolic acidosis, visual impairment, and in severe cases death.

Industrial methanol is produced mainly by catalytic hydrogenation of synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The synthesis gas is typically derived from steam reforming of natural gas, coal, or biomass. The reaction uses copper-based catalysts and occurs at elevated temperatures (roughly 200–300°C) and pressures (tens of bar). Small amounts can also be produced by carbon dioxide hydrogenation. Methanol is a versatile feedstock for other chemicals.

Major uses include the production of formaldehyde, acetic acid, and various methyl esters. It serves as a solvent in paints, inks, and cleaning agents, and historically as an antifreeze and windshield washer fluid additive. It is also used as a fuel or fuel additive in certain engines and in some fuel cells. In some chemical pathways, methanol is converted to MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) or other synthetic fuels and intermediates.

Safety and environmental considerations are important: methanol is highly flammable and vapors can travel to ignition sources. It is more toxic than ethanol; ingestion or inhalation can cause severe health effects, including vision loss. Proper storage, handling, and spill response are essential to minimize risks. Methanol is a widely studied industrial chemical with regulated use and transport.