Metanol

Metanol, also known as methanol or wood alcohol, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH. It is the simplest alcohol and a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. It is miscible with water and many organic solvents. Methanol is used primarily as a chemical feedstock and as a solvent, and it is also converted into other products such as formaldehyde, acetic acid, and methyl esters. It is also used in fuel applications, notably as a component or alternative fuel in some blends and as a feedstock for biodiesel production.

Production and sources: Industrial methanol is produced mainly by catalytic synthesis from carbon monoxide and hydrogen (syngas) over a catalyst. The syngas is typically derived from natural gas, coal, or biomass. Historically, methanol was produced by destructive distillation of wood, which gave rise to the older name wood alcohol.

Safety and health effects: Methanol is highly toxic to humans. It is more toxic than ethanol because it is metabolized to formaldehyde and formic acid, which can cause metabolic acidosis, optic nerve damage, and potentially death. Symptoms of exposure include headache, dizziness, nausea, and blurred vision. Because it is flammable, it must be stored and handled with appropriate safety measures and ventilation.

Environmental and regulation notes: Spills can contaminate water and soil, and methanol is subject to regulatory controls as a hazardous substance in many regions. It is biodegradable and can be degraded by microorganisms, but environmental exposure requires proper containment and cleanup.