metales

Metales, or metals in English, are a class of elements characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, ductility, and a characteristic luster. They are typically solid at room temperature (with the notable exception of mercury) and tend to form positive ions in chemical reactions. Most metals are distributed across the periodic table, including alkali and alkaline earth metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, and the lanthanide and actinide series. Metals often occur in minerals and as elemental deposits.

Properties of metals vary widely but share common features such as metallic bonding, dense structures, and the ability to form alloys. Ferrous metals contain iron and are often strong and magnetic, whereas nonferrous metals like copper, aluminum, and titanium resist corrosion differently. Metals commonly form alloys that enhance properties such as strength, hardness, or durability; well-known examples include steel (iron and carbon), bronze (copper and tin), and brass (copper and zinc).

Occurrence and extraction: metals are typically found in ore minerals and must be mined and processed to separate the metal from the surrounding material. Primary extraction often involves smelting or electrolysis, followed by refining to improve purity. Recycling is an important part of metal use, given the high recyclability and energy savings compared with primary production.

Uses and significance: metals underpin infrastructure, transportation, electronics, and industry. Iron and steel dominate construction; aluminum is valued for light weight; copper is a key conductor; gold and silver have uses in jewelry and electronics, while specialty metals serve aerospace, medical, and technological applications.