menstruationsblödningar

Menstruation is the monthly bleeding that occurs as part of the menstrual cycle in people of reproductive age who have not reached menopause and are not pregnant. It involves shedding of the endometrium and typically lasts 2 to 7 days.

The menstrual cycle is hormone-regulated and varies in length. Commonly 21 to 35 days. It includes the menstrual phase (bleeding), the follicular phase (ovarian follicles develop and estrogen rises), ovulation (release of an egg around mid-cycle), and the luteal phase (progesterone prepares the endometrium for possible pregnancy).

Hormonal control: GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates FSH and LH from the pituitary. FSH promotes follicle growth; estrogen drives endometrial thickening. LH triggers ovulation. After ovulation, the corpus luteum produces progesterone; if pregnancy does not occur, progesterone falls, triggering menstruation.

Symptoms: Bleeding is often accompanied by cramps, bloating, breast tenderness, mood changes, and fatigue. Some people experience severe cramps (dysmenorrhea) or heavy bleeding (menorrhagia). PMS and premenstrual dysphoric disorder can occur in some individuals.

Health considerations: Most people have normal cycles, but irregularities can occur and should be discussed with a healthcare provider, especially if bleeding is very heavy, lasts longer than 7 days, or occurs after menopause.

Management: Menstrual products include pads, tampons, menstrual cups, or period underwear. Practices vary, and access to accurate information is important.