menstruating

Menstruating refers to the monthly process in which the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) is shed and expelled through the vagina as part of the menstrual cycle. It typically occurs in people of reproductive age who have not ended fertility. Cycle length is about 21 to 35 days, and menstruation lasts about 2 to 7 days.

The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogen, and progesterone. In the first half of the cycle, FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen production. After ovulation, progesterone rises to prepare the endometrium for possible pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, hormone levels fall, triggering shedding of the endometrium.

Blood loss during menstruation typically ranges from about 30 to 80 milliliters. The flow and color can vary, and some people experience clots. Common symptoms include cramps (dysmenorrhea), breast tenderness, fatigue, and mood changes, though the experience ranges from mild to more pronounced.

Management focuses on symptom relief and personal preference. Over-the-counter analgesics such as NSAIDs can reduce cramps. Practical measures include heat, hydration, and rest. Menstrual products include pads, tampons, and menstrual cups. Some individuals use hormonal contraception to regulate or suppress bleeding, while others prefer non-hormonal approaches.

Seek medical advice for very heavy bleeding (soaking more than one pad or tampon per hour for several hours), unusually long or very painful periods, irregular cycles in adolescence, or bleeding after menopause. Persistent severe symptoms or concerns about the menstrual cycle can be evaluated by a health professional.

Menstrual patterns vary widely between individuals and across life stages. Menarche usually occurs in adolescence, with cycles often becoming regular within a few years. Perimenopause marks the transition to menopause. Cultural, social, and clinical discussions around menstruation influence access to information and care.