mellituksesta

Mellitus is a term that broadly refers to a group of metabolic disorders characterized by persistently high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. This hyperglycemia is the hallmark of the condition and arises from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose from the bloodstream enter cells for energy. When this process is impaired, glucose accumulates in the blood.

There are several main types of mellitus. The most common are type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to an absolute deficiency of insulin. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, often coupled with a progressive decline in insulin secretion. Gestational diabetes is a form of glucose intolerance that arises during pregnancy and typically resolves after delivery, though it increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Other less common forms of diabetes exist, such as monogenic diabetes (e.g., MODY) and diabetes secondary to other medical conditions or medications.

The symptoms of mellitus can vary depending on the type and severity, but common signs include increased thirst, frequent urination, increased hunger, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow-healing sores. If left unmanaged, mellitus can lead to serious long-term complications affecting the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), nerves (neuropathy), heart, and blood vessels. Diagnosis typically involves blood glucose tests. Management strategies depend on the type and can include lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise, oral medications, and insulin therapy.