medal

A medal is a small piece of metal, usually circular, that bears imagery or inscriptions and is issued by governments, military, or organizations to recognize achievement, service, bravery, or participation. Medals are typically worn on a ribbon or chain, though some are presented as keepsakes or plaques.

The use of metal awards traces to antiquity, where rulers and city-states granted medallions to symbolize victories or honors. Modern medal systems emerged in the early modern period and expanded in the 19th and 20th centuries with formalized criteria, campaigns, and eligibility rules. The terms medal, decoration, and order are not identical across countries, and in some languages the word for "medal" overlaps with "decoration" or "award".

Medals are awarded for military valor (gallantry or distinguished service), for participation in campaigns or service long-term, and for civilian achievements in science, arts, public service, or philanthropy. In sports, medals crown top finishers—often gold, silver, and bronze. Many organizations issue internal or honorary medals to recognize contributors or supporters.

Medal designs vary widely but commonly include emblems such as national coats of arms, symbols of the issuing body, and inscriptions naming the act or service recognized. Materials range from bronze to silver and gold plating; many use ribbons in distinctive colors that denote grade or category. Wearing protocols and post-nominal letters are determined by the issuing authority.

Notable examples include the Medal of Honor (United States), the Victoria Cross (the United Kingdom’s cross-shaped decoration), Olympic medals for first to third place, and Nobel Prize medals. Medals serve as tangible reminders of achievement and act as incentives for service and excellence.