massasauga

Massasauga, or massasauga rattlesnake, is the common name for Sistrurus catenatus, a venomous pit viper native to North America. It comprises two recognized subspecies: the eastern massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus catenatus) and the western massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus).

Adults typically measure about 60 to 90 centimeters in length and have a stout body, a small rattle, and a dorsal pattern of dark, irregular blotches on a lighter background. The head is distinct from the neck, and heat-sensing pits lie between the eyes and nostrils. Massasaugas are generally camouflaged and rely on concealment to avoid predators while they hunt.

Habitat and range span wetlands, prairies, meadows, and upland edges near water. They occur in parts of Canada and the United States, including Ontario, the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi River valley, and the central plains. The species often favors near-water environments but can occur in a variety of lowland habitats.

Behaviorally, massasaugas are secretive and may be active in cooler conditions but become more nocturnal in hot weather. They hibernate in communal dens with other snakes during winter. Reproduction is ovoviviparous; females give birth to live young in late summer or early autumn, with litters typically numbering five to twenty individuals.

Venom is used to immobilize prey and can cause serious injury; bites require prompt medical attention, and antivenom is available. Conservation status varies by region, with some populations threatened or endangered due to habitat loss, road mortality, and fragmentation. Protection exists in parts of Canada and the United States.