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Masculinity refers to the set of norms, roles, behaviors, and identities that societies associate with men and boys. It is not a fixed attribute of individuals but a social construct that varies across cultures and historical periods. The term masculinities acknowledges multiple forms rather than a single universal standard.

Hegemonic masculinity, a concept introduced by Raewyn Connell, describes the culturally dominant form that legitimizes male dominance and constrains other masculinities and women. Other typologies include complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity, and subordinated masculinity, reflecting variation by race, class, sexuality, and age.

Sources of masculinity norms include family upbringing, education, religion, media representations, peer groups, and organizational cultures. Masculinity is learned through socialization and can change across contexts. Intersectionality shows how gender expressions intersect with race, sexuality, disability, and immigration status.

Impacts of masculine norms include effects on behavior, health, and risk-taking. Traditional expectations of emotional restraint can hinder mental health and help-seeking, while norms around aggression or competitiveness have been linked to violence in some settings. Findings vary across cultures and individuals.

Contemporary trends emphasize a broader range of masculinities, critiques of rigid norms, and efforts to promote inclusive, healthier expressions of manhood. Ongoing debates address the benefits and harms of traditional masculinity and how institutions can support gender equity, safety, and well-being for all genders.