mantlecirculating
Mantle circulation, or mantle convection, refers to the slow, large-scale movement of Earth's mantle driven by thermal buoyancy. Hot, buoyant material tends to rise while cooler, denser material sinks, transferring heat from the interior toward the surface over geologic timescales. Although the mantle is solid, its rocks flow on long timescales like a highly viscous fluid, enabling global rearrangement of material and heat.
The mantle extends from about 35 kilometers beneath the crust to nearly 2,900 kilometers below the surface
Mantle convection operates on tens to hundreds of millions of years, with viscosity, mineral phase changes,
Evidence for mantle circulation comes from seismic tomography showing temperature- and composition-related velocity anomalies, geochemical isotopic