manifesto

A manifesto is a public declaration of aims, motives, or views issued by an individual, group, or organization. It is typically concise, polemical, and intended to persuade others to support a cause, adopt a stance, or join a movement. Manifestos often combine critique of the status quo with a program for change.

Etymology and form: The word derives from the Italian manifestare, meaning to reveal or make clear, from Latin manifestus, meaning obvious. Manifestos can be political, artistic, or social in nature and are usually published as pamphlets, open letters, or similar statements that seek to set out principles and rally supporters.

Historical and notable examples: The Communist Manifesto (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels outlines class struggle and the case for communism. The Futurist Manifesto (1909) by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti celebrated speed, technology, and a break with tradition. The Dada Manifesto (1918) by Tristan Tzara declared anti-art principles. The Surrealist Manifesto (1924) by André Breton defined surrealism as an exploration of the unconscious. The SCUM Manifesto (1967) by Valerie Solanas presented a radical feminist program.

Contemporary role: In politics, manifestos announce party aims and policy platforms for elections and governance. In culture, they articulate artistic or ethical principles and critique prevailing norms. Manifestos are typically more aspirational and programmatic than routine statements, and they are often used to mobilize supporters, provoke discussion, or legitimize a movement.