polemical

Polemical is an adjective describing writing, speech, or other communication that aims to defend a particular position by attacking or refuting opposing views. A polemical work seeks to provoke disagreement and shift opinion, often using forceful rhetoric, evidence, and emotional appeal. It is commonly used to describe controversial or adversarial arguments, though the term does not by itself determine the quality of the argument.

Etymology: From Latin polemicalis, from Greek polemikos "of warlike or war," from polemos "war." The word entered English via late Latin and French; historically associated with religious and political controversies, and early Christian polemics sought to refute heresies.

Usage and nuance: In modern discourse, polemical writing appears in opinion columns, essays, and public debate. It is contrasted with more detached, analytical argument, but polemical rhetoric is not inherently abusive; it can be principled and rigorous or biased and inflammatory. The term is sometimes used pejoratively to critique one-sided or hostile rhetoric, while others use it to describe vigorous, evidence-based contestation. Related terms include polemic, polemize, and polemical piece; synonyms include disputatious, combative, contentious, and adversarial; antonyms include conciliatory, noncontroversial, unassertive.