mammæ

Mammæ is the Latin plural form of mamma, used in anatomical terminology to refer to the breasts or mammary glands. In human anatomy, the breasts comprise glandular tissue organized into lobes and lobules, along with supporting connective tissue and varying amounts of adipose tissue. The nipple projects from the center of each breast and is surrounded by the pigmented areola.

Anatomy and structure: Each breast typically contains 15 to 20 lobes arranged radially around the nipple. Within each lobe are smaller lobules that house alveoli, the sites of milk production. Milk passes through a network of ducts that converge toward lactiferous ducts and openings at the nipple. The size and shape of breasts are influenced by hormonal status, genetics, age, and body fat.

Development and function: Breast development begins at puberty under the influence of estrogen and other hormones. The primary biological function of mammæ is lactation—the production and delivery of milk to nourish offspring—regulated by prolactin, oxytocin, and other hormonal signals, especially during and after pregnancy. In males, mammary tissue is typically rudimentary and nonfunctional.

Clinical and evolutionary notes: In humans, breast health is a common clinical focus, with conditions such as gynecomastia (benign enlargement in males) and breast cancer receiving particular attention. Breasts have evolved to provide nourishment for offspring across mammals, though the size, shape, and lactation patterns vary widely among species.