loodusvarade

Loodusvarade, or natural resources, are materials and components found in the natural environment that are useful to humans. They include energy resources, mineral resources, water, soil, air, biodiversity, and the ecosystem services that support living systems, health, and economic activity.

They are commonly categorized as renewable and non-renewable. Renewable resources can replenish or remain available through natural processes, such as solar energy, wind, hydropower, sustainable forest biomass, and biodiversity. Non-renewable resources exist in finite quantities or are depleted faster than they are formed, such as fossil fuels, many minerals, and certain groundwater resources. Some resources are renewable only if used within ecological limits, and others provide services (like pollination and flood regulation) that are not always captured in markets.

Sustainable management of natural resources aims to balance current needs with the preservation of the resource base for future generations. This involves responsible extraction, regeneration where possible, pollution prevention, and maintaining ecosystem health. Resource accounting, environmental impact assessments, efficiency improvements, and conservation measures are common tools. Policy instruments such as licensing, quotas, taxes, subsidies for clean technologies, and incentives for recycling and circular economy practices support sustainable use.

Globally, natural resources underpin economies, energy security, and livelihoods, while environmental and climate considerations drive transitions toward lower emissions, reduced waste, and improved resilience. In many countries, specific resources—such as forests, water bodies, or energy materials—receive particular attention in planning and regulation to promote sustainable development.